HOW MANY VISITORS SHOULD A TOURISM BUSINESS WELCOME DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC?
Keywords:
tourist capacity, COVID-19, carrying capacity
Abstract
Limiting the number of visitors is one of the best efforts that tourism entrepreneurs can make to continue operating safely during the COVID-19 pandemic. Unfortunately, a method for determining the maximum number of visitors accepted during an outbreak is unavailable. This article explains the method to determine the maximum number of visitors using a seafood café in Kedonganan Beach Bali as a case study. The proposed determination method uses a tourism carrying capacity formula that is modified by incorporating physical distancing and correction factors relevant to the COVID-19 pandemic situation, such as temporary closure of destination, attraction, and tourism business, into the equation. This article demonstrates how modifications made to the original carrying capacity formula can produce a formula for determining the maximum number of visitors that can be received during the pandemic while placing the visitors’ and workers' safety as a top priority. This article shows how the modified formula can calculate the maximum number of visitors the tourism operator can accept during the COVID-19 Pandemic. This article contributes an idea in developing a method for determining the maximum number of visitors in the future if the tourism industry faces a similar situation where tourist movement and interaction, as the essence of tourism, can threaten their safety.
References
Aguilar, P., Mendoza, E., & Silva, R. (2021). Interaction between tourism carrying capacity and coastal squeeze in mazatlan, mexico. Land, 10(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/land10090900
Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2022). The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(3), 1537–1545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
Bali, P. P. (2020). Surat Edaran Nomor 3355 Tahun 2020 Tentang Protokol Tatanan Kehidupan Era Baru.
Broche-Pérez, Y., Fernández-Fleites, Z., Jiménez-Puig, E., Fernández-Castillo, E., & Rodríguez-Martin, B. C. (2022). Gender and Fear of COVID-19 in a Cuban Population Sample. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(1), 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00343-8
Cifuentes Arias, M., Mesquita, C. A. B., Mendez, J., Morales, M. E., Aguilar, N., Cancino, D., Gallo, M., Jolon, M., Ramirez, C., Ribeiro, N., Sandoval, E., & Turcios, M. (1999). Capacidad de Carga Turística de las Áreas de Uso Público del Monumento Nacional Guayabo, Costa Rica.
Cifuentes, M. (1992). Determinacion De Capacidad De Carga Turistica En Areas Protegidas (p. 26).
Corbau, C., Benedetto, G., Congiatu, P. P., Simeoni, U., & Carboni, D. (2019). Tourism analysis at Asinara Island (Italy): Carrying capacity and web evaluations in two pocket beaches. Ocean and Coastal Management, 169(December 2018), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.12.004
De Sousa, R. C., Pereira, L. C. C., Da Costa, R. M., & Jiménez, J. A. (2014). Tourism carrying capacity on estuarine beaches in the Brazilian Amazon region. Journal of Coastal Research, 70, 545–550. https://doi.org/10.2112/SI70-092.1
Elshaer, A. M. (2022). Restaurants’ Response to COVID-19 Pandemic: The Realm of Egyptian Independent Restaurants. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality and Tourism, 23(3), 716–747. https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2021.1911732
FAO, & WHO. (2020). COVID-19 and Food Safety: Guidance for food businesses: Interim guidance. COVID-19 and Food Safety: Guidance for Food Businesses: Interim Guidance. https://doi.org/WHO/2019-nCoV/Food_Safety/2020.1
Findlater, A., & Bogoch, I. I. (2018). Human Mobility and the Global Spread of Infectious Diseases: A Focus on Air Travel. Trends in Parasitology, 34(9), 772–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.07.004
Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, C. M. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708
Jamal, T., & Budke, C. (2020). Tourism in a world with pandemics: local-global responsibility and action. Journal of Tourism Futures, 6(2), 181–188. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-02-2020-0014
Kementerian Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif/Badan Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif. (2020). Panduan Pelaksanaan Kebersihan, Kesehatan, Keselamatan dan Kelestarian Lingkungan di Restoran / Rumah Makan (Vol. 2019). https://chse.kemenparekraf.go.id/storage/app/media/dokumen/Pedoman_Restoran.pdf
Laksito, I. Y., & Yudiarta, I. G. A. (2021). Grey Forecasting of Inbound Tourism to Bali and Financial Loses from the COVID-19. International Journal of Grey Systems, 1(1), 48–57. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.52812/ijgs.17
Maldonado, E., & Montagnini, F. (2004). Carrying capacity of La Tigra National Park, Honduras: Can the park be self-sustainable? Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 19(4), 29–48. https://doi.org/10.1300/J091v19n04_03
Martínez-lorca, A., Dolores, M., Armesilla, C., Latorre, J. M., & Criado-álvarez, J. J. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: Validation in spanish university students Manuela. January.
Mu, X., Yeh, A. G. O., & Zhang, X. (2021). The interplay of spatial spread of COVID-19 and human mobility in the urban system of China during the Chinese New Year. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 48(7), 1955–1971. https://doi.org/10.1177/2399808320954211
Murray, A. T. (2020). Planning for classroom physical distancing to minimize the threat of COVID-19 disease spread. PLoS ONE, 15(12 December), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243345
Reznik, A., Gritsenko, V., Konstantinov, V., Khamenka, N., & Isralowitz, R. (2021). COVID-19 Fear in Eastern Europe: Validation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(5), 1903–1908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00283-3
Rocha, C. H. B., Fontoura, L. M., Vale, W. B. do, Castro, L. F. de P., da Silva, A. L. F., Prado, T. de O., & da Silveira, F. J. (2021). Carrying capacity and impact indicators: analysis and suggestions for sustainable tourism in protected areas–Brazil. World Leisure Journal, 63(1), 73–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/16078055.2021.1888000
Rodella, I., Madau, F., Mazzanti, M., Corbau, C., Carboni, D., Simeoni, U., & Parente, L. (2020). Carrying capacity as tool for beach economic value assessment (case studies of Italian beaches). Ocean and Coastal Management, 189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105130
Sun, J., Sarfraz, M., Khawaja, K. F., Ozturk, I., & Raza, M. A. (2022). The Perils of the Pandemic for the Tourism and Hospitality Industries: Envisaging the Combined Effect of COVID-19 Fear and Job Insecurity on Employees’ Job Performance in Pakistan. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 15, 1325–1346. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S365972
Sunkar, A., Lakspriyanti, A. P., Haryono, E., Brahmi, M., Setiawan, P., & Jaya, A. F. (2022). Geotourism Hazards and Carrying Capacity in Geosites of Sangkulirang-Mangkalihat Karst, Indonesia. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031704
Teng, Y. M., Wu, K. S., & Xu, D. (2021). The Association Between Fear of Coronavirus Disease 2019, Mental Health, and Turnover Intention Among Quarantine Hotel Employees in China. Frontiers in Public Health, 9(May). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.668774
Thomas, N., Jana, A., & Bandyopadhyay, S. (2020). Physical distancing on public transport in Mumbai, India: Policy and planning implications for unlock and post-pandemic period. January.
UNWTO. (2020). Global Guidelines to Restart Tourism (Issue May).
Wilder-Smith, A. (2021). COVID-19 in comparison with other emerging viral diseases: risk of geographic spread via travel. Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines, 7(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40794-020-00129-9
Yin, J., & Ni, Y. (2021). COVID-19 event strength, psychological safety, and avoidance coping behaviors for employees in the tourism industry. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 47(151), 431–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.04.017
Yuniti, I. G. A. D., Sasmita, N., Komara, L. L., Purba, J. H., & Pandawani, N. P. (2020). The Impact of Covid-19 on Community Life in the Province of Bali , Indonesia. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(10), 1918–1929.
Zacarias, D. A., Williams, A. T., & Newton, A. (2011). Recreation carrying capacity estimations to support beach management at Praia de Faro, Portugal. Applied Geography, 31(3), 1075–1081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.01.020
Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2022). The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(3), 1537–1545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
Bali, P. P. (2020). Surat Edaran Nomor 3355 Tahun 2020 Tentang Protokol Tatanan Kehidupan Era Baru.
Broche-Pérez, Y., Fernández-Fleites, Z., Jiménez-Puig, E., Fernández-Castillo, E., & Rodríguez-Martin, B. C. (2022). Gender and Fear of COVID-19 in a Cuban Population Sample. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(1), 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00343-8
Cifuentes Arias, M., Mesquita, C. A. B., Mendez, J., Morales, M. E., Aguilar, N., Cancino, D., Gallo, M., Jolon, M., Ramirez, C., Ribeiro, N., Sandoval, E., & Turcios, M. (1999). Capacidad de Carga Turística de las Áreas de Uso Público del Monumento Nacional Guayabo, Costa Rica.
Cifuentes, M. (1992). Determinacion De Capacidad De Carga Turistica En Areas Protegidas (p. 26).
Corbau, C., Benedetto, G., Congiatu, P. P., Simeoni, U., & Carboni, D. (2019). Tourism analysis at Asinara Island (Italy): Carrying capacity and web evaluations in two pocket beaches. Ocean and Coastal Management, 169(December 2018), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.12.004
De Sousa, R. C., Pereira, L. C. C., Da Costa, R. M., & Jiménez, J. A. (2014). Tourism carrying capacity on estuarine beaches in the Brazilian Amazon region. Journal of Coastal Research, 70, 545–550. https://doi.org/10.2112/SI70-092.1
Elshaer, A. M. (2022). Restaurants’ Response to COVID-19 Pandemic: The Realm of Egyptian Independent Restaurants. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality and Tourism, 23(3), 716–747. https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2021.1911732
FAO, & WHO. (2020). COVID-19 and Food Safety: Guidance for food businesses: Interim guidance. COVID-19 and Food Safety: Guidance for Food Businesses: Interim Guidance. https://doi.org/WHO/2019-nCoV/Food_Safety/2020.1
Findlater, A., & Bogoch, I. I. (2018). Human Mobility and the Global Spread of Infectious Diseases: A Focus on Air Travel. Trends in Parasitology, 34(9), 772–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.07.004
Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, C. M. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708
Jamal, T., & Budke, C. (2020). Tourism in a world with pandemics: local-global responsibility and action. Journal of Tourism Futures, 6(2), 181–188. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-02-2020-0014
Kementerian Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif/Badan Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif. (2020). Panduan Pelaksanaan Kebersihan, Kesehatan, Keselamatan dan Kelestarian Lingkungan di Restoran / Rumah Makan (Vol. 2019). https://chse.kemenparekraf.go.id/storage/app/media/dokumen/Pedoman_Restoran.pdf
Laksito, I. Y., & Yudiarta, I. G. A. (2021). Grey Forecasting of Inbound Tourism to Bali and Financial Loses from the COVID-19. International Journal of Grey Systems, 1(1), 48–57. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.52812/ijgs.17
Maldonado, E., & Montagnini, F. (2004). Carrying capacity of La Tigra National Park, Honduras: Can the park be self-sustainable? Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 19(4), 29–48. https://doi.org/10.1300/J091v19n04_03
Martínez-lorca, A., Dolores, M., Armesilla, C., Latorre, J. M., & Criado-álvarez, J. J. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: Validation in spanish university students Manuela. January.
Mu, X., Yeh, A. G. O., & Zhang, X. (2021). The interplay of spatial spread of COVID-19 and human mobility in the urban system of China during the Chinese New Year. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 48(7), 1955–1971. https://doi.org/10.1177/2399808320954211
Murray, A. T. (2020). Planning for classroom physical distancing to minimize the threat of COVID-19 disease spread. PLoS ONE, 15(12 December), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243345
Reznik, A., Gritsenko, V., Konstantinov, V., Khamenka, N., & Isralowitz, R. (2021). COVID-19 Fear in Eastern Europe: Validation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(5), 1903–1908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00283-3
Rocha, C. H. B., Fontoura, L. M., Vale, W. B. do, Castro, L. F. de P., da Silva, A. L. F., Prado, T. de O., & da Silveira, F. J. (2021). Carrying capacity and impact indicators: analysis and suggestions for sustainable tourism in protected areas–Brazil. World Leisure Journal, 63(1), 73–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/16078055.2021.1888000
Rodella, I., Madau, F., Mazzanti, M., Corbau, C., Carboni, D., Simeoni, U., & Parente, L. (2020). Carrying capacity as tool for beach economic value assessment (case studies of Italian beaches). Ocean and Coastal Management, 189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105130
Sun, J., Sarfraz, M., Khawaja, K. F., Ozturk, I., & Raza, M. A. (2022). The Perils of the Pandemic for the Tourism and Hospitality Industries: Envisaging the Combined Effect of COVID-19 Fear and Job Insecurity on Employees’ Job Performance in Pakistan. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 15, 1325–1346. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S365972
Sunkar, A., Lakspriyanti, A. P., Haryono, E., Brahmi, M., Setiawan, P., & Jaya, A. F. (2022). Geotourism Hazards and Carrying Capacity in Geosites of Sangkulirang-Mangkalihat Karst, Indonesia. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031704
Teng, Y. M., Wu, K. S., & Xu, D. (2021). The Association Between Fear of Coronavirus Disease 2019, Mental Health, and Turnover Intention Among Quarantine Hotel Employees in China. Frontiers in Public Health, 9(May). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.668774
Thomas, N., Jana, A., & Bandyopadhyay, S. (2020). Physical distancing on public transport in Mumbai, India: Policy and planning implications for unlock and post-pandemic period. January.
UNWTO. (2020). Global Guidelines to Restart Tourism (Issue May).
Wilder-Smith, A. (2021). COVID-19 in comparison with other emerging viral diseases: risk of geographic spread via travel. Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines, 7(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40794-020-00129-9
Yin, J., & Ni, Y. (2021). COVID-19 event strength, psychological safety, and avoidance coping behaviors for employees in the tourism industry. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 47(151), 431–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.04.017
Yuniti, I. G. A. D., Sasmita, N., Komara, L. L., Purba, J. H., & Pandawani, N. P. (2020). The Impact of Covid-19 on Community Life in the Province of Bali , Indonesia. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(10), 1918–1929.
Zacarias, D. A., Williams, A. T., & Newton, A. (2011). Recreation carrying capacity estimations to support beach management at Praia de Faro, Portugal. Applied Geography, 31(3), 1075–1081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.01.020
Published
2025-02-01
How to Cite
Suasapha, A., Tirtawati, N. M., Dianasari, D. A. M., Iswarini, N. K., & Sudiarta, I. N. (2025). HOW MANY VISITORS SHOULD A TOURISM BUSINESS WELCOME DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC?. Paryaṭaka Jurnal Pariwisata Budaya Dan Keagamaan, 3(2), 367-378. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.53977/pyt.v3i2.2433
Section
Articles
